Public Health During the Industrial Revolution

One important impact of the industrial revolution (such as the use of coal, iron, and steam) was rapid urbanization, as new and expanding industry caused villages and towns to swell, sometimes into vast cities. The Port of Liverpool, for example, rose from a population of a couple of thousand to many tens of thousands in the space of a century. As a result, these towns became hotbeds of disease and depredation, prompting a debate in Britain about public health. Its important to remember that science wasnt as advanced as today, so people didnt know exactly what was going wrong, and the speed of changes was pushing government and charities structures in new and strange ways. But there was always a group of people who looked at the new stresses on the new urban workers and were willing to campaign to solve them. The Problems of Town Life in the Nineteenth Century Towns tended to be segregated by class, and working-class neighborhoods where the everyday laborer lived had the worst conditions. As the governing classes lived in different areas they never saw these conditions, and protests from the workers were ignored. Housing was generally bad and made worse by the numbers of people constantly arriving in cities. The most common housing pattern was high-density back-to-back structures which were poor, damp, badly ventilated with few kitchens and many sharing a single tap and privy. In this overcrowding, disease spread easily. 1829 George Cruikshank editorial cartoon illustrating the explosive growth of London. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images There was also inadequate drainage and sewerage, and what sewers there were tended to be square, stuck in the corners, and built of porous brick. Waste was frequently left in the streets and most people shared privies which emptied into cesspits. What open spaces there were also tended to be filled with rubbish, and the air and water were polluted by factories and slaughterhouses. The satirical cartoonists of the day didnt have to imagine a hell to illustrate in these cramped, poorly designed cities. Consequently, there was much illness, and in 1832 one doctor said only 10% of Leeds was actually in full health. In fact, despite technological developments, the death rate rose, and infant mortality was very high. There was also a range of common diseases: tuberculosis, typhus, and after 1831, cholera. The terrible working environments created new occupational hazards, such as lung disease and bone deformities. The 1842 report by the British social reformer Edwin Chadwick called Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring  Population of Great Britain showed that the life expectancy of an urban dweller was less than that of a rural one, and this was also affected by class. Why Public Health Was Slow to Be Dealt With Before 1835, town administration was weak, poor and too impotent to meet the demands of new urban life. There were few representative elections to produce forums for people who were worse off to speak, and there was little power in the hands of town planners, even after such a job was created by necessity. Revenues tended to be spent on large, new civic buildings. Some regions had chartered boroughs with rights, and others found themselves governed by a lord of the manor, but all these arrangements were too out-of-date to deal with the speed of urbanization. Scientific ignorance also played a role, as people simply didn’t know what caused the diseases that afflicted them. There was self-interest too, as builders wanted profits, not better quality housing, and the government-held a deep prejudice about the poors worthiness of efforts. Chadwick’s influential sanitary report of 1842 divided people into ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ parties and some people believed Chadwick wanted the poor to be made clean against their will Government attitudes also played a role. It was commonly thought that the laissez-faire system, in which governments didn’t interfere in the lives of adult men, was the only reasonable system, and it was only late in the process that government became willing to undertake reform and humanitarian action. The prime motivation then was cholera, not ideology. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 In 1835 a commission was appointed to look into municipal government.  It was badly organized, but the report published was deeply critical of what it called ‘chartered hogsties.’ A law with limited effect was passed, but newly created councils were given few powers and were expensive to form. Nevertheless, this wasnt a failure, as it set the pattern for the English government and made possible the later public health acts. Beginnings of the Sanitary Reform Movement A group of doctors wrote two reports in 1838 on the living conditions in London’s Bethnal Green. They drew attention to the connection between unsanitary conditions, disease, and pauperism. The Bishop of London then called for a national survey. Chadwick, a force in all things public service in the mid-eighteenth century, mobilized the medical officers provided by the Poor Law and created his 1842 report which highlighted the problems associated with class and residence. It was damning and sold a huge number of copies. Amongst its recommendations were an arterial system for clean water and the replacement of improvement commissions by a single body with power.  Many objected to Chadwick and some wags in the government claimed they preferred cholera to him. As a result of Chadwick’s report, though, the Health of Towns Association was formed in 1844, and branches all over England researched and published on their local conditions. Meanwhile, the government was recommended to introduce public health reforms by other sources in 1847. By this stage, some municipal governments had acted on their own initiative and passed private acts of Parliament to force through changes. Cholera Highlights the Need A cholera epidemic left India in 1817 and reached Sunderland in late 1831; London was affected by February 1832. Fifty percent of all cases proved fatal. Some towns set up quarantine boards, and they promoted whitewashing (cleaning clothing with chloride of lime) and speedy burials, but they were targeting disease under the miasma theory that disease was caused by floating vapors rather than the unrecognized infectious bacterium. Several leading surgeons recognized that cholera prevailed where sanitation and drainage were poor, but their ideas for improvement were temporarily ignored. In 1848 cholera returned to Britain, and the government resolved that something had to be done. The Public Health Act of 1848 The first Public Health act was passed in 1848 based on the recommendations of a Royal Commission. The act created a central Board of Health with a five-year mandate, to be considered for renewal at the end of that period. Three commissioners, including Chadwick, and a medical officer were appointed to the board. Wherever the death rate was worse than 23/1000, or where 10% of ratepayers requested assistance, the board would send an inspector to  authorize the town council to carry out duties and form a local board. These authorities would have powers over drainage, building regulations, water supplies,  paving, and rubbish. Inspections were to be carried out, and loans could be given. Chadwick took the opportunity to push his new interest in sewer technology to the local authorities. The act did not have much potency, because while it had the power to appoint boards and inspectors, that wasnt required, and local works were frequently held up by legal and financial obstacles. It was, however, much cheaper to set up a board than previously, with a local one costing just  £100. Some towns ignored the national board and set up their own private committees to avoid central interference. The central board worked hard, and between 1840 and 1855 they posted a hundred thousand letters, although it lost much of its teeth when Chadwick was forced from office and a switch to annual renewal was made. Overall, the act is considered to have failed as the death rate remained the same, and the problems remained, but it did establish a precedent for government intervention. Public Health after 1854 The central board was disbanded in 1854. By the mid-1860s, the government had come to a more positive and interventionist approach, spurred on by the 1866 cholera epidemic that clearly revealed the flaws in the earlier act. A set of innovations aided the progress, as in 1854 English physician John Snow showed how cholera could be spread by a water pump, and in 1865 Louis Pasteur demonstrated his germ theory of disease. The ability to vote was expanded to the urban working class in 1867, and politicians now had to make promises regarding public health to gain votes. Local authorities also began to take more of a lead. The 1866 Sanitary Act forced towns to appoint inspectors to check that water supplies and drainage were adequate. The 1871 Local Government Board Act placed public health and the poor law in the hands of empowered local governmental bodies and came about because of an 1869 Royal Sanitary Commission which recommended strong local government. 1875 Public Health Act In 1872 there was a Public Health Act, which split the country into sanitary areas, each of which had a medical officer. In 1875 Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli saw that several acts aimed at social improvements were passed, such as a new Public Health Act and an Artisan’s Dwellings Act. A Food and Drink Act was passed to attempt to improve diet. This set of public health acts rationalized previous legislation and was extremely influential. Local authorities were made responsible for a range of public health issues and given the powers to enforce decisions, including sewage, water, drains, waste disposal, public works, and lighting. These acts marked the beginning of a genuine, workable public health strategy, with responsibility shared between the local and national government, and the death rate finally began to fall. Further improvements were boosted by scientific discoveries. Koch discovered micro-organisms and separated out germs, including tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883. Vaccines were developed. Public health can still be a problem, but the changes in the role of government established in this period, both perceived and actual, are mostly ingrained into the modern consciousness and provide a working strategy to ameliorate problems as they arise.

Coffee from Ampalaya Seeds - 4665 Words

COFFEE FROM AMPALAYA SEEDS (Momordica Charantia) TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Background Of The Study 3 B. Statement Of The Problem And Objectives Of The Study 4 C. Significance Of The Study 6 D. Scope And Limitations 6 E. Operational Definition Of Terms 7 Chapter II 8 Review Of Related Literature 8 Chapter III 11 Methodology 11 A. Research Design 11 B. Type Of Study 12 C. Independent And Dependent Variable 12 D. Treatments Of The Study 13 E. Subjects / Samples 13 F. Replications Per Treatment 14 G. Methodology Proper 14 H. Statistical Treatment For Data Analysis 17 Chapter IV 18 Results And Discussions 18 Chapter V 30 Summary, Conclusion And Recommendations 30 Appendix 32 Appendix A 32 Appendix B 34 BIBLIOGRAPHY 36 References 36†¦show more content†¦It also contains polypeptide-P;a plant insulin that helps diabetic patients. D. Scope And Limitations This research will be conducted on July–August 2012 at Paraiso Cmpd. Baybay City, Leyte. This study focuses on how to make Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) seeds into coffee. The whole fruit is not included in making the product, only the seeds are used to make coffee. The researchers are not focusing on the nutrient values that they can get in the Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) seeds nor will they include it in their research. Instead, the researchers are focusing in making coffee out of Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) seeds and in the sensory qualities (taste, color, and odor) of Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) coffeein comparison to the commercial coffee. E. Operational Definition Of Terms * Momordica charantia * scientific name of the Ampalaya or Bitter Melon * polypeptide-P * a plant insulin found only in the Ampalaya * potentiate insulin * is an alternative cancer treatment using insulin to administer low-dose chemotherapy or mandelonitrite * caffeine * is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug and a reversible acetylcholihesterase inhibitor * is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruits of someShow MoreRelatedMarketability Ampalaya Seed Coffee3295 Words   |  14 PagesThe researchers decided to use ampalaya seeds instead of throwing it and decided to use the seeds as coffee to know if it could be a good alternative to the commercial one. Coffee is a much known beverage to the majority of the people. It is known for its stimulating effect on the functions of the brain, thus making the drinker active. Variants of coffee flavors were already produced all throughout the world aiming for the discovery of alternative sources for coffee production. On the otherside,  BittermelonRead MoreBitter Melon as as Coffee4496 Words   |  18 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Coffee is a  brewed  beverage  with a dark, slightly acidic flavor prepared from the roasted seeds of the  coffee plant, called coffee beans. Green (unroasted) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world.  Coffee can have a stimulating effect on humans due to its  caffeine content. It is one of the most-consumed beverages in the world. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia Linn.), also known as Bitter Melon, is a crawlingRead MoreAmpalaya3819 Words   |  16 PagesPPRODUCT DESCRIPTION: Ampalaya Plus Capsule Ampalaya Plus Capsule is an innovative product composed of 3 powerful herbs: ampalaya, banaba, and luyang dilaw. Ampalaya Plus has been proven to effectively lower blood glucose by the study conducted by Dr. Ricardo Quintos of University of the Philippines, College of Medicine. Ampalaya is a vegetable proven efficacy in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and even infection, several study have shown that Ampalaya increases the utilization of glucose byRead MoreOkra Tea2997 Words   |  12 PagesAccidentally, we discovered other product okra can produce. Aside from coffee, we found out that the seeds of okra can also make tea. Our tea helps improve and enhance our immune system because of the okra seeds itself is rich in Vitamin C. It can also avoid certain causes of coughs and colds. One more thing we liked about this accidental discovery of us is that it is not costly but affordable yet nutritious. Procedure Used Step 1: The okra seed will be dried under the sun for at least two (2) to threeRead MorePhilippine Cuisine13920 Words   |  56 Pagesmade from sour fruits like an unripe guava and tomatoes), Bistek( a a Filipino-styled beef steak), Lechon( a dish made by roasting a suckling pig) are not only popular dishes of the Filipino cuisine, but are also identified and acclaimed   as the national dishes of the country. Philippine cuisine Philippine cuisine consists of the foods, preparation methods and eating customs found in the Philippines. The style of cooking and the foods associated with it have evolved over several centuries from its

Racism and the Criminal Justice System Free Essays

Tor aaaresslng tne economic crlsls wnlcn Tlrst appeared In tne m10 ana late slxtl In other to restore sagging business profits, and then the welfare of working people had to be sacrificed. Another criminal Justice crackdown has become, intentionally or otherwise, a way to manage rising inequality and surplus populations. And the poor people where the one that suffered the situation throughout this process of economic restructuring, particularly poor people of color. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and the Criminal Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus it is poor people of color who make up the bulk of American prison. Also, equality was one of the roblems that blacks suffered during Jim Crow laws and it was what white American fears most. Not until February 17, 1919, when thousands of African American soldiers fresh from victory in the Ardennes offensive marched triumphantly up Fifth Avenue, through Manhattan’s cheering crows toa Harlem homecoming. This was because they had lived up to their end of the bargain with America. So they expected the full rights of Citizenship, nothing less, only a year earlier, while they fought in France. Jim Crow and other hated laws that stigmatized African Americans had been reaffirmed. But this civil rights moment was not to be. Instead the euphoria of victory evaporated to be replaced by the worst spate of anti-Black violence; labeled the Red Summer, the riots and lynchings would last from April to November 1919, claiming hundreds of lives, and leave thousands homeless. Mostly Blacks where the victims, at least twenty seven major riots and mob actions immobilized the nation’s capital and cities large and small, including Chicago, Omaha, Knoxville, Charleston, and the delta town of Elaine, Arkansas, but something happened that whites had not expected. Emboldened by the war, whether from experience in the trenches or not the factory loor, or in the cotton fields of the rural south, blacks fought back; picking up any weapon that was at hand, their retaliation against armed mobs was swift. It was the first stirrings of the civil rights movement that would change America forever. Bibliography Mcwhirter Cameron. â€Å"Red summer†. New York: Herny Holet, 2011. Parenti Christian. â€Å"Lockdown America†. New York: Verso, 2008. Heard Alex. â€Å"The Eyes of Willie Mcgee†. Mississippi: Jim Leeson, 2010. Loury C. Glenn. â€Å"Race Incarceration and American Values†. Boston: Pamela S. Karlan, Tommie Shelby, and Loic Wacquant, 2008. How to cite Racism and the Criminal Justice System, Papers

Project It Has Been Mentioned According †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Project It Has Been Mentioned According? Answer: Introduction This study is about Aveo Group Limited which has been in the field of re-establishing retirement communities for the last 25 years. Not only Aveo Group has re-established but also developed and managed the living of senior community. Aveo Group has accommodations all over Australia including the suburban areas, main country and coastal areas. In this project it has been mentioned that according to the Four Corners study Aveo was accused of ripping off customers almost all of them elderly and vulnerable at its retirement villages. There are also allegations that Aveo had in place complex contracts and exorbitant fees. Therefore this study aims to look into the inside happenings that lead to such a shameful result. Here in this project the financial management policies and practices with respect to their social responsibility and social outcome is evaluated and Aveo as an investment proposition has also been discussed. Aveos financial management policies and practices with respect to their social responsibility and social outcomes of their actions: Financial management policies of Aveo group Limited should be such that, it does not hamper the social duties performed or the responsibilities towards its environment in which it operates is not disturbed (Lanis and Richardson 2012). But in reality this might not be the scenario (Hilson 2012). In present times the situation is such that the economic, social and environmental concerns are becoming a mandate concern for the companies and in order to maintain it the entire system or operational hierarchy is required to be integrated or disintegrated as the case may be (Brigham and Houston 2012). Generally there exists a positive relationship between financial management policies and corporate social responsibilities performed, but in case of Aveo Group Limited there exists an anomaly (Brigham 2014). Aveo Group Limited as a company neither could maintain financial management policies nor could maintain CSR because the financial policies were not in accordance to the stakeholder theory that is each and every stakeholder of business should be treated equally and should be given equal amount of rights in decision making of the organization (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Now as a stakeholder is a part of the company, therefore his or her welfare falls under the domain of Corporate Social Responsibility, thus the CSR duties of Aveo were also hampered (Higgins 2012). This ultimately led to reduced profits and increase in the burden of liabilities which very naturally forced the company to rob its customers out of their money in the form of exorbitant fees and other means (Petty et al . 2015). Experts in this domain of study are of the opinion that a good CSR record results in increase in employment or employment desirability in the company and also an increase in the rate of investment in the company (Mathuva 2015). But Aveo, in relation to this matter failed in both respects, that is, it neither had a good CSR record nor did it have a proper stakeholder theory to utilize, which led to further problems (Aguinis and Glavas, 2012). Another cause that led to the downfall of Aveo Group Limited is that the statistical analysis might not be done properly, that is, it might not be free of errors and also the exclusion of investment from the research and development domain might be another reason (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Some of the policies that are implemented by the company are Integrity in Corporate Reporting, Timely and Balanced disclosure and Security holder engagement. Integrity in corporate reporting refers to the policy in which the company has arranged to set up an Audit and Risk Committee which will work according to the laid down references approved by the Board of Directors. On the other hand Timely and Balanced Disclosure is another policy set up by the group in which there is a provision of communication policy as well, both of which are established with the intention of checking the compliance of the company operations with the periodical disclosure requirements of the Corporations Act and the ASX Listing rules (Edmans 2012). The last policy that is being discussed in this study is the Security holder engagement policy which has been established by the group keeping the stakeholder theory in mind. This policy aims to keep the security holders informed about the important decisions and major developments that is going on in the company. Now these three policies though appear to have a strong hold on the ethical and operational scope of the company did not really help Aveo in reducing its liabilities or increasing its profit. Though the policies were essentially created with an aim to enhance the operating profit of the firm and improve the level of CSR as well (Kim, Park and Wier 2012). Aveo as an investment proposition After the investigation conducted by the Four Corners, it came into light that the 11.5 percent plunge in share price of the company was due to the unreasonable fees claimed by the group from its customers. Shares ofAveo Group have observed a fine change of -0.40% or -0.01 in the most recent times. With time as the earning season comes to an end, investors look for companies which have a steady track record. Aveo Group Limited will surely loose on a huge base of investors for the negative feedback that has been published. Currently, the 14-day Average Directional Index (ADX) for Aveo Group is presently at 20.98. Generally an ADX ranging from 0-25 would mean that it is an absent or weak trend. A value of 25-50 would mostly interpret a strong trend. A value of 50-75 would mean a strong trend, and lastly a range of 75-100 would result in an extremely strong trend. ADX is particularly utilized to measure trend strength but not direction. The data calculates as per the exhibit has been gi ven in Appendix (CSRHub - Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsiblity (CSR) ratings on over 17,487 of the worlds largest public and private companies., 2017). In addition as per the data calculated on stock prices, the price has been taken from September 2015 till August 2017. There has been a vital fluctuation in the stock prices. However, as per the base line of 5% in the stock return, the fluctuation has been within the limit except the fluctuation in June which had crossed the base line and then further decreased as it has been accused of ripping the retirement villages which extended its volatility. On the contrary, the volatility has been received maximum in the last month that is August 2017, explaining the investment is not clear because of their fees and confusing contracts. Figure 1: Stock Returns of Aveo On the other hand, the traded volume of Aveo has been fluctuating and showing the changes to be 92.69% in traded volume which creates an unpleasant environment for investment and that is why the fluctuations has been rampant. Also, because of the stock prices being wildly ranging the change in trade volumes has been irregular. Figure 2: Traded Volumes of Aveo Causes of volatility in the share prices of Aveo Limited: Mulpha an well known investor in Australia has suffered a loss due to the negative feedback going on, that came into exposure due to the publishing of Four Corners. Mulphas 22.6% strategic stockholding in Aveo did not prove to be profitable (Hu et al. 2015). The report presented by Four Corners stated that the company had enough loopholes to fail drastically. The report also brought into light the fact that a number of policies and reforms that were established by the management of the company in the last ten years were not put into consideration that is they were not even implemented (Eyles, Wild and Eversole 2014). Aveos shares on the stock exchange of Australia saw a plunge of 11.5% after the exposure of the report. This forced Aveo to arrange for an emergency board meeting and hence announced a buy-back of 9%. It has also been claimed by the higher authorities of Aveo that no board meeting was held in reality. Mulpha though is of the opinion that the volatility of shares is the primary reason for the decision of buying back the shares. Conclusion Aveo Group Limited, as a result of the misdeed committed by the company led to total disaster both in terms of its goodwill and total revenue incurred or operating profit. As it has been observed in the study Aveo Group Limited though had implemented financial management policies but they were not in accordance with the corporate social responsibilities or duties that the company had to perform in the due course of time. Moreover the management policies introduced by the company like Corporate Reporting and Timely Balanced Disclosure were not implemented properly. All these factors added with the poor company regulations led the company to commit the unethical activity of robbing its customers off exorbitant fees and wrongly trying to remove the old tenants in order to bring new ones with more money. All these led to the downfall of Aveo Group Limited, one of the leading firms in Australia in the field of re-establishing retirement communities (McDougall, Barrie and Lange, 2017). References Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of management, 38(4), pp.932-968. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012. Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F., 2014. Financial management theory and practice. Atlantic Publishers Distri. CSRHub - Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsiblity (CSR) ratings on over 17,487 of the worlds largest public and private companies. (2017). CSR information for Harvey Norman Holdings. [online] Available at: https://www.csrhub.com/CSR_and_sustainability_information/Harvey-Norman-Holdings [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017]. Edmans, A., 2012. The link between job satisfaction and firm value, with implications for corporate social responsibility. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), pp.1-19. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Eyles, K.J., Wild, A.L. and Eversole, R., 2014. Retirement Living in Tasmania: Expanding choices, informing decisions. Higgins, R.C., 2012. Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Hilson, G., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility in the extractive industries: Experiences from developing countries. Resources Policy, 37(2), pp.131-137. Hu, X., Xia, B., Buys, L., Skitmore, M., Kennedy, R. and Drogemuller, R., 2015. Stakeholder analysis of a retirement village development in Australia: insights from an interdisciplinary workshop. International Journal of Construction Management, 15(4), pp.299-309. Kim, Y., Park, M.S. and Wier, B., 2012. Is earnings quality associated with corporate social responsibility?. The Accounting Review, 87(3), pp.761-796. Lanis, R. and Richardson, G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 31(1), pp.86-108. Mathuva, D., 2015. The Influence of working capital management components on corporate profitability. McDougall, K., Barrie, H. and Lange, J., 2017. South Australia Retirement Village Survey 2016. Petty, J.W., Titman, S., Keown, A.J., Martin, P., Martin, J.D. and Burrow, M., 2015. Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU.